Diversity in the workplace Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Decent variety in the working environment - Essay Example The paper will likewise investigate the manners in which that advance comprehension and assorted variety with the patterns of organizations employing minorities in the working environment. The issue of work environment decent variety is centered around the distinctions and the likenesses that individuals get a given association. Through definition, it involves the measurements past the predefined lawfully governmental policy regarding minorities in society of non-segregation sculptures. There is a translation of decent variety, which remembers the ways for which, the impact of personalities and points of view of people bringing their demonstrable skill, training, impact of their topographical area and parental status in a work place. The issue of assorted variety remembers everybody for the work place. In different manners, its drive supplements the consistence program including the non-separation. This is through the production of an association culture of creating distinctive work and work environment condition. There are likewise rehearses, which urge figuring out how to build up the favorable circumstances related with the differing point of view (Cornell Universit y ILR School, 2010). Advantages: assorted variety is an advantage of both the representative and manager. Partners are interlaced in the work environment regarding singular rights and contrasts and can build profitability. Assorted variety in the work environment can bring down claims and lift promoting openings, enlisting and inventiveness and are fundamental to sound business picture. In this manner, decent variety is significant to genuine business achievement. Deborah (1999) contended that, the advantage is likewise conforming to the law in California government and state; both order equivalent open door enactment, which makes segregation illicit in the work environment. These laws determine both the privilege and obligation of both boss and partner in the work environment. Development: Diversity is expanding each and every day in each association. Deborah (1999) clarifies that, in America, one in each four Americans has a place

Blackfish Movie Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Blackfish Movie Review - Essay Example In the principle, I search for inventiveness and genuine issues in a decent narrative film. I hope to see and become familiar with nature and comprehend various social orders. Blackfish is one such narrative, which uncovered the cruelty man forces on creatures and the situation of natural life in marine stops as they experience taming and preparing to interest people and produce benefits. Gabriela Cowperthwaite coordinates Blackfish, a wise documentaryâ that runs for an hour and twenty minutes. The narrative, discharged in 2013, has a PG-13 rating since it has a full grown subject, and upsetting and savage images. Eli Despres, Gabriela Cowperthwaite, and Tim Zimmermann composed the narrative, which has activated fluctuated feelings among its watchers. The film is about the relationship of people and nature, representing a performing whale Tilikum, which experiences angry treatment in imprisonment for human diversion. The film shows an excruciating film of a mentor squashed between two enormous monsters while a whale hauls a coach over and again to the base of a pool as he battles to break out of its hold. More to that, there are scenes of draining whales as they are caught and experience preparing. In the narrative, there are meetings of a gathering of previous SeaWorld coaches. Their job is to offer a firsthand record of what occurs in the marine park. This is advantageous as firsthand data from discrete interviewees consistently gives honest data. The interviewees detail the catching procedure, which is unpleasant and bound to set a terrible inclination on a person’s gut. Seeing the tight detainment and complete dimness the orcas remain in is likewise grievous. All things being equal, one needs to watch the unjust division of mother and kid, to comprehend the degree of brutality in the film. Tilikum executed Dawn Brancheau, one of the coaches and a principle individual in the film. This sells out the measurement broadly held in the general public that there are no passings coming about because of

Argumentative Research Essay Topics - How They Can Help You Improve Your Essay

Argumentative Research Essay Topics - How They Can Help You Improve Your EssayArgumentative research essay topics have many advantages. These essay topics are perfect for any student who is doing well in the class.Argumentative research essay topics are a bit more challenging than standard research essays, but they can provide the student with plenty of great ideas and help to organize and present the research. When writing an argumentative essay, you can expect to encounter words and phrases that you may not know or are unfamiliar with.Your professor will help you clarify what you're talking about. If you don't, it's likely that your instructor will ask you to prepare an outline. The outline will include the main points you're trying to make, and why they are important to your essay.You'll find that most argumentative research essay topics require the use of both introductory and conclusion paragraphs. This helps to provide your reader with the necessary background, supporting evide nce, and a solution. If you're using these paragraphs as a guide for your essay, you will be able to present the information in the most logical and convincing way possible.You will also find that you can't write about one issue at a time in an essay. You need to integrate this information into your essay at a good pace. There's no sense in writing a research essay that has nothing to do with the rest of the course.When you begin writing your essay, you should start by giving yourself a few minutes to think about what you would like to say. Then you need to organize all of the information that you've gathered into a coherent whole. Your thesis statement is the main focus of your essay, so take some time to think about what you want to say.Finally, consider what format you would like to write your essay in. A thesis statement may be summarized in a table of contents, which is something you can write on the board outside of class. But if you would like to add some visual pictures and illustrations to your essay, you may wish to consider a topic map.It's clear that there are many arguments about the benefits of argumentative research essay topics. If you're going to be successful in the class, you'll need to know that your written work will offer a coherent and interesting picture of the research that you've done. These topics allow you to do just that.

Domestic Law On The Rights Of The Child Essay - 1328 Words

domestic law on the rights of the child in Nigeria. The CRA was passed as a federal law but it does not have a direct application effect in the states of the federation until individual states enact it at the state level because it is a law which is in the Residual list. The CRA in its comprehensiveness provides a varying range of child rights which includes but not limited to the prohibition on the use of children in criminal activities, the exposure of children to use, production and trafficking of narcotic drugs, prohibition on the use of children in exploitative labor, etc. The CRA can be said to be divided into 4 categories of rights; a. The survival category; includes the right to life, good health, balanced nutrition, etc. provided in sections 12, 13. b. The development of the child provided in section 15 and 29. c. The protection due to a child contained in sections 21-52 and d. The participatory rights of the child provided in sections 3(1) (2), 6. 7, 8, 13, 19 20. These four categories as described briefly summarizes the CRA and the types of protection which it affords the Nigerian child. Most importantly as it concerns this paper is the examination of the CRA’s provisions as regards Child marriage and the protection which it affords the Nigerian girl child. The CRA makes a glaring prohibition of child marriage by providing that; â€Å"No person under the age of 18 years is capable of contracting a valid marriage, and accordingly a marriage so contractedShow MoreRelatedLegal Processes in Dealing with Domestic Violence1392 Words   |  6 PagesThe legal processes in dealing with domestic violence as a problem in a family relationship, address the complex and varied needs of all individuals involved. Domestic violence is an act whether physical or verbal that is violent and abusive in nature occurring in a domestic relationship. The Family Law Legislation Amendment (Family Violence and other Measures) Act 2011 (Cth) addresses many significant and substantial areas of dealing with domestic violence further to this highlighting the complexRead MoreDe Facto Relationships1529 Words   |  7 Pages‘alternative family arrangement’. A de facto couple is an unmarried heterosexual or same sex couple. The Family Law Act 1975 –section 4AA defines a de facto couple as ‘persons who are not legally married to each other, persons not related by family and having regard to all circumstances of their relationship, they have a relationship as a couple living together on a genuine domestic basis’. Factors that indicate whether a couple are legally recognised as a de facto couple include the duration ofRead MoreLegal Studies Family Essay1491 Words   |  6 Pagesissues concerning values Family law is the most complex aspect of the Australian legal system as it is constantly under review and reform pursuing to adopt society’s continual change in values and principles. The changing of laws in an attempt to be parallel with society is a strenuous process. Nevertheless, legislations are reflective of contemporary society’s values and ethics. Numerous legal issues arise in regards to family including, same sex relationships, domestic violence and divorce ideallyRead MoreThe Poverty Of Haiti And The United States1484 Words   |  6 Pagesand organize their government. The government in Haiti needs changed laws and regulations need to be pressed more and the people who are using children for domestic labor and/or trafficking need to know that they can get into serious trouble if they are caught. UNICEF needs to help as many children they can get out of the domestic labor. Said by Marie-Claude Julsaint â€Å"Approximately 17.2 million children are trapped in domestic labor. Three fourths of them being girls and most between the ages ofRead MoreGay Marriage Essay1431 Words   |  6 Pageshomosexuals have had to fight for their rights to marry the person of his or her choosing. There were laws dating back to the beginning of this country that prohibit miscegenation, or the marrying between different races. It was not until 1964 that the Anti-Miscegenation law was overturned and marriage between the races was legal. Interracial couples faced racism, hatred, and discrimination by society. While interracial couples currently enjoy the same rights that are afforded to any other marriedRead MoreChild Prostitution And Domestic Violence1305 Words   |  6 Pagesthe people are supposed to have the right to make decisions in our own individual lives that will benefit our future. But in this country the government puts so much restraint on an individual when they want an abortion, maybe an individual wants to clone for personal reasons, use contraceptive, or die under their own will. Those choices are an individual’s own morality and should not be judged when living in a free country. What about Child Prostitution or Domestic Violence that are not individualRead MoreDomestic Abuse And Domestic Violence1446 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Abuse Domestic abuse is tremendous problem around the globe. There are different forms of domestic violence, all of which are not acceptable and in some places in the world domestic violence is legal. In the places where domestic violence is legal, it is only legal to hurt your wife. If a woman tried to hurt her husband, she would be majorly punished. It is defined as a series of abusive acts in any form of a relationship for one person to have control over their partner. The three mostRead MoreThe Strategies Of Australian And Chinese Government Use Reduce Incidence Of Domestic Violence1676 Words   |  7 Pagesreport is focused on the strategies of Australian and Chinese government use to reduce the incidence of domestic violence. 1.1 Aim To investigate and learn about the strategies of Australian and Chinese government use to reduce the incidence of domestic violence. 1.2 Parameters To research the background and current actions of domestic violence in Australia and China. 1.3 Definitions Domestic violence is one of the acts of violence which occurs between person who with another person in anRead MoreDrugs And Alcohol Of The New World1656 Words   |  7 Pages(Stevens Smith, pg. 1). Some people though abuse drugs. We see more instances of people â€Å"both young and old abusing drugs† (Stevens Smith, pg. 1). We’ll discuss how â€Å"common drug abuse is, who it affects and how it correlates to violence, child and domestic abuse† (Stevens Smith, pg. 1). Drugs and Alcohol Nicotine One drug, nicotine is intertwined within the fabric of our society. The â€Å"Indians of the new world were already using it over 2000 years ago† (Stevens Smith, pg. 11). It isRead MoreChild Removal Policy Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesDomestic violence has a long historical presence in our society. Initially, it was viewed strictly as a family matter. It was an acceptable means for men to discipline their wives and children, who were regarded as little more than man’s property. There was a lack of, if any, legal ramifications for the abuser and, in fact, domestic violence had been previously sanctioned by English Common law (The National Center for Victims of Crime). As the issue infiltrated public consciousness, advocacy

Walt Disney An American Motion Picture And Television...

Walt Disney was an American motion-picture and television producer and showman, famous as a pioneer of cartoon films and as the creator of Disneyland. Early Life Walter Elias Disney was born on December 5, 1901, in Chicago, Illinois. His father was Elias Disney, an Irish-Canadian, who was a building contractor, and his mother, Flora Call Disney, was German-American, who was a public school teacher. Disney was one of five children, four boys and a girl. He lived most of his childhood in Marceline, Missouri, where he began drawing, painting and selling pictures to neighbors and family friends. In 1911, his family moved to Kansas City, where Disney developed a love for trains. His uncle, Mike Martin, was a train engineer who worked the route between Fort Madison, Iowa and Marceline. Later, Disney would work a summer job selling snacks and newspapers to travelers at the railroad. In 1917 the Disneys moved back to Chicago. Disney attended McKinley High School in Chicago, where he took drawing and photography classes and was a contributing cartoonist for the school paper. At night, he took courses at the Chicago Art Institute. When Disney was 16, he dropped out of school to join the Army but was rejected for being underage. Instead, he joined the Red Cross and was sent to France for a year to drive an ambulance. (Editors) Early Cartoons Disney returned from France in 1919. He moved back to Kansas City to take up a career as a newspaper artist. His brother Roy got him a job at theShow MoreRelatedWalt Disney : An American Motion Picture1226 Words   |  5 PagesWalter Elias Disney, also known as Walt Disney, was an American motion-picture and television producer, famous as the creator of cartoon films and Disneyland. His relentless aspiration and determination drove Walt Disney to pour in each ounce of innovativeness into his work. In my opinion, Walt Disney was important because of his creation of Disneyland in order to have an educational as well as amusement value and to entertain adults and their children and his influence on American culture throughRead MoreWalt Disney Research Paper2318 Words   |  10 PagesApril 2012 Walt Disney Research Paper Walter Elias Disney was an amazing film producer, director, screenwriter, voice actor, animator, entrepreneur and philanthropist. Mr. Disney left this world, impacting and inspiring the lives of everyone and changing the world of movie-making forever. Walt Disney was the creator of popular animated characters such as Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Alice in Wonderland, and Snow White. He is the namesake for the Walt Disney Company, Walt Disney Resort, andRead MoreDisney : A Dreaming Nonconformist1353 Words   |  6 PagesDisney: A Dreaming Nonconformist Society has a rule book, it lists how we should act and think and be. Some people decide to disregard the rule book and write their own. These people are daring, different, and sometimes even seen as impractical but often they leave a lasting impact on our lives. I know of many people who fit this description, but none more influential on our lives today than Walt Disney. Walt Disney was a producer of motion-pictures and television shows. He was a showman and isRead MoreSpeech987 Words   |  4 Pagesspeech, my audience will know the history of Walt Disney, his invention of Disney World, and how his invention has impacted people. THESIS STATEMENT: To pay tribute to Walt Disney, the inventor of Disney World, I will share with you a brief history of Walt Disney, his invention of Disney World, and how his invention has impacted people. Walt Disney INTRODUCTION I. Attention-getter: How many of you have been or at least heard of a place call Disney World? II. Establish your credibility:Read MoreWalt Disney : The Disney1647 Words   |  7 PagesWhy Walt Disney is known Walt Disney innovations include the first cartoons with synchronized sound, the first full-length animated feature film and, of course, the theme park. â€Å"Walt Disney was an American motion-picture and television producer and showman, famous as a pioneer of cartoon films and as the creator of Disneyland. Walter Elias Walt Disney was born on December 5, 1901, in Hermosa, Illinois. He and his brother Roy co-founded Walt Disney Productions, which became one of the best-knownRead MoreHow Disney Magic And The Corporate Media Shape Youth Identity Essay1733 Words   |  7 PagesAiden Impact of Disney Introduction: http://whmc.umsystem.edu/historicmissourians/name/d/disney/ Product Launch: http://cs231n.stanford.edu/reports2016/265_Report.pdf Brand culture: https://www.uwlax.edu/urc/jur-online/PDF/2004/francoeur.pdf Culture effect: http://www.truth-out.org/opinion/item/2808:how-disney-magic-and-the-corporate-media-shape-youth-identity-in-the-digital-age Frozen example: http://www.forbes.com/sites/natalierobehmed/2015/07/28/the-frozen-effect-when-disneys-movie-merchandising-is-too-much/#61ba13235f08Read MoreSynopsis Of Disney Disneyland Opening Day2642 Words   |  11 PagesTymann Waugh 7 Annotated Bibliography Primary Sources: 1955 Disneyland Opening Day [Complete ABC Broadcast]. Youtube. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. http://youtu.be/JuzrZET-3Ew. It is easy tell that the opening day of Disneyland was a big deal, as the community of Anaheim, California awaits the opening of the gates. This video documents that magical day, July 17, 1955. Alice and Wonderland Title Screen. The Encyclopedia of Disney Animated Shorts. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Jan. 2015. http://wwwRead MoreDisney Background Of Walt Disney3335 Words   |  14 Pages3 Walt Disney Background The Walt Disney Company is a leading diversified international family entertainment and media enterprise. At the same time, Disney also is one of the most famous names in the animation industry for providing entertainment directed to adults and children. Walt Disney was founded by Walter Elias Disney in year 1946. Nowadays, the company almost dominates the whole industry with its international theme parks and a world-class animation studio and business franchise. There areRead MoreHow Did Walt Disney Create Mickey Mouse2914 Words   |  12 PagesGlogovac 1 Bianca Glogovac Ms. Gysin English 102 21st April 2013 How Did Walt Disney Create Mickey Mouse? The public is filled with Disney products and endorsements. Disneyland is known as the happiest place on Earth and all in thanks to the creator, Walt Disney. Children now look up to Disney as a source of hope, faith and inspiration for the future. Disney left behind tracks to what a child needs to grow and to become happy with the idea that magic exists. His first creation was broughtRead MoreThe Walt Disney Company Report15335 Words   |  62 PagesCompany Research Paper The Walt Disney Company Pranay Kumar George Batah Shuxian Shen Sheng Hao Koo â€Å"We have complied with university honor code in completion of this assignment and I attest that this work is ours and ours alone.† Professor Suzanne Weiss Contents 1. Executive Summary 2. Company Background 3. Management 4. Situation Analysis 5. Ethics and Responsibility 6. Human Resource 7. Globalization 8. Operation and Production

Christian Counseling An Effective Way Of Counseling

Many Christians believe that once they have accepted Christ and developed a relationship with him that their problems will vanish. But that could be further from the truth. According to Crabb (1977) when Christians begin to experience that acceptance and fellowship with the Lord, that is most likely when problems that have been hidden will arise (p. 15). It is for this reason that the need for Christian counseling has become essential to helping people cope with the strife of life. There are steps that can be taken that allows people to have a closer walk with Christ while fixing the problems that arise from daily living. Counseling requires caring and understanding and nothing is a more effective way of counseling than modeling the love of Christ. Some professional counselors feel threatened or dismiss the thought of Christian counseling. But they need to become aware that to face the struggles in particular the ones that are happening in society today, a biblical approach with the Lord considered the true head counselor is the most effective way to help people life this life on earth so that they can someday live life eternally with the Father. Crabb believes that biblical counseling is effective and lays out a guideline as to how Christian counselors should counsel. But the three articles on counseling have opposing and sometimes similar views. Part I: Goal of Christian Counseling According to Crabb (1977) the goal of Christian Counseling is maturity in whichShow MoreRelatedChristian Counseling: An Overview1470 Words   |  6 PagesBiblical Counseling is making a strong impact in todays churches and community. Counseling is seen as one of the most productive ways of helping a person reach the inner side of themselves to help solve any problems that might be arising. Furthermore, when it comes to being a counselor, not something that should be taken for granted. We are all born of sin, but we have been saved through the grace of Jesus Christ. Not everyone bless to be a counselor, but Dr. Crabbs biblical teaching in Christian counselingRead MoreIn this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities1167 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Compare and Contrast Paper Jeremiah Barwick Liberty CCOU 201 In this compare and contrast paper I will highlight the differences and commonalities between Larry Crabb’s biblical model of counseling, theories, and techniques of Rodgerian theory called Rodgers’ Client-Centered Therapy (RCCT), Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT). All of these theories are a form of psychotherapy. Couselors today use techniques such as pharmacologicalRead MoreSummary and Reflection of Mark R McMinns Article Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling1607 Words   |  6 PagesSpirituality in Christian Counseling by Mark R. McMinn is a conscious effort to apply all the major elements of Christian faith to the work of counselors. McMinn has created a workable blueprint for Christian counselors by writing at length about Christian faith in and out of the counseling office, psychological health, prayer, scripture, sin, confession, forgiveness, and redemption. In doing so, McMinn has successfully blended modern counseling techniques with Christian life in such a way that a ChristianRead MorePsychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling by Mark McMinn1464 Words   |  6 PagesUniversity Abstract In the book, â€Å"Psychology, Theology, and Spirituality in Christian Counseling†, author Mark McMinn gives the reader information on how these three entities can work together in Christian counseling. McMinn offers several ways in which this can be done including the use of prayer, Scripture, confession, forgiveness, the effects of sin, and redemption in counseling sessions. Through narration of counseling vignettes displaying different results, from different approaches demonstratesRead MoreEssay about Contrast Effective Biblical Counseling Concepts1412 Words   |  6 PagesIn order for Biblical counseling to be effective, a counselor must be completely prepared to work in the ministry of helping others. Beyond the worldly challenges, a Christian counselor also faces humanistic therapeutic false views of secular therapy. Christian counselors maintain a focal point in guiding people to living a life that is full of spiritual richness and maturity. Yet, secular therapist f ocuses on self-gratification and self-actualization. As Christian ministry helpers, you must beRead MorePart I: Goal of Christian Counseling Dr. Larry Crabb’s book â€Å"Effective Biblical Counseling: A Model600 Words   |  3 PagesPart I: Goal of Christian Counseling Dr. Larry Crabb’s book â€Å"Effective Biblical Counseling: A Model for Helping Caring Christians Become Capable Counselor† Crabb, (1977), this book models how counseling can be gracefully integrated into implementation of the local church. The Goal of Christian Counseling that Dr. Crabb states within his book Crabb, (1977), is â€Å"any approach to counseling that is truly biblical will work most effectively when carried out into the context of a local body of believers†Read MoreIntegrative Counseling : Christian Based Counseling1102 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrative Counseling Then there is integrative counseling which is still Christian based counseling but it tries to pull together the religious values , morals , and lessons from the Old and New Testament and bring them together with the application of various methods and ideas from traditional psychology. It is not merely a tie in with traditional psychology because it is an attempt to use all the knowledge to improve upon the basic structure of traditional Christian counseling by making itRead MorePsychology, Theology And Spirituality1267 Words   |  6 Pages A 4-MAT Review: Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in the Christian Counseling Introduction Mark McMinn is a trained psychologist who is known for his book that was written in 1996 called Psychology, Theology and Spirituality in Christian Counseling. McMinn had advocated for the Christians who are counselors for many years. McMinn is very experienced in the work and in his field of study. One of the biggest things that McMinn stresses is the importance of establishing and maintaining a goodRead MorePsycholoy, Theology and Spirituality1442 Words   |  6 PagesSpirituality: Interdisciplinary Approach to Christian Counseling Morenike Oye Liberty University Psychology, Theology and Spirituality: Interdisciplinary Approach to Christian Counseling Summary McMinn (2011) uses this book to bring out the importance of the use of spirituality (as related to Christian faith) in psychological counseling. He describes the Christian Counselors as people who are highly trained in counseling theory and techniques, in theology, andRead MorePrayer in Counseling1044 Words   |  5 PagesChristian Clients’ Preferences Regarding Prayer as a Counseling Intervention Journal Article Review Liberty University April 19, 2012 Summary In Eriksen and Weld’s journal article, the writers contend that spirituality and prayer is being utilized more and more by mental health practitioners and counselors. The concept of prayer within the counseling session is something that was considered for a long time but the actual use of spirituality practices is more frequently being used today

Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass ( Frederick Douglass ) free essay sample

Examines ways slave used education literacy to gain express his freedom in his autobiography. This study will examine the ways in which Frederick Douglass used education and literacy to gain and express his freedom in his autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave. The opening pages of Douglass autobiography include no sign of freedom. Slaves have their freedom stripped from them by the horrors of slavery, and slaveowners commit those horrors. An essential part of being a free human being, for Douglass, involves education, literacy and self-awareness. The slave with no education, no awareness of his or her position, no ability to read the thoughts of others, and no hope for the future is not fully a human being. The slaveholders kept the slaves uneducated because that made controlling them easier. Literate and free-thinking individuals are harder to control than a group of frightened illiterates whose only reality is that. We will write a custom essay sample on Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass ( Frederick Douglass ) or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Essay on Chinatown Essay Example

Essay on Chinatown Paper After many years of famine and poverty plaguing the land of Chinahundreds of thousands of Chinese in seek of opportunity began immigrating to the United States.Many motivated by the discovery of gold in California others came to the United States to seek better economic opportunity. Yet there were others that were compelled to leave China either as contract laborers or refugees. The Chinese brought with them their language, culture, social institutions, and customs. Over time they made lasting contributions to their adopted country and tried to become an integral part of the United States population. In the eighteenth century, Chinese green tea became very popular among Europeans and Americans. Chinese silk and porcelain were also in great demand. The Chinese, on the other hand, needed almost nothing the west had to offer. This created an imbalance of trade, especially bad for the British, who were weary of sending shiploads of silver to Hong Kong. Their solution was to develop a third-party trade,exchanging their merchandise in India and Southeast Asia for cotton and opium, which became welcomed in China as currency, in spite of the Imperial Chinese prohibition on opium. During the early 1800s opium addiction reached epidemic proportions in China. It became so popular the British began using itinstead of money. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Chinatown specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Chinatown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Chinatown specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Nevertheless In 1839 the Qing government, after a decade of unsuccessful anti-opium campaigns, enacted drastic laws against the opium trade. Their commissioner, Lin Zexu, seized and destroyed some 20,000 chests of opium and detained the entire foreign community. The British retaliated violently attacking and soundly defeating the unprepared Chinese, forcing them to sign thefirst of what the Chinese dubbed the unequal treaties.As a result Hong Kong became a British territory. England was given most-favored-nation status, and British nationals were exempt from Chinese law.

Dont Ask Dont Tell essays

Don't Ask Don't Tell essays We the Affirmative believe the United States Militarys Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy should be repealed. We argue that homosexuals are not a threat to the military, that the policy is a hardship on American taxpayers, and that the policy is not being administered properly and never has been. People are different. People have always been different; this isnt a new concept. There are differences ranging from physical appearance to political opinion to sexual orientation. Our society has consistently been confronted with and has consistently overcome those differences that may be a threat to human cohesion. Cohesion is an important term, used often in this debate. Websters Dictionary defines cohesion as The act or state of sticking together; close union. Proponents of the United States Militarys Dont Ask, Dont Tell policy frequently argue that homosexuals in the military are a threat to unit cohesion and morale, that the military is a much different society than what the average ci tizen lives in. Meaning that a heterosexual service member would have trouble serving with a homosexual one, and that despite growing acceptance of homosexuals in the workplace, school, and in general everyday life; the military is a different society than the world as we know it, and not as accepting. However, if you ask any Professor of Political Science they will all tell you what Dr. Roger Payne told me; that the military is supposed to represent the ideals of our culture. Since the invention of the military, it has been a common belief that unit cohesion is a necessity to the successful operation of any military force. We argue that homosexual service members, who have not tried to hide their sexual orientation, are in actuality not a threat to unit cohesion. Over one hundred years ago African Americans began to serve their country in the military despite beliefs f...

Crime Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Crime - Assignment Example The Supreme Court argued that based on the school administrators say, they needed to maintain discipline and order at school. T.L.O possession of cigarettes was enough to determine if she was truthful as she was caught in the bathroom and then taken to the office. That was reasonable to assume that there were cigarettes in her purse. The deputy principal, therefore, had enough reasons to suspect rules had been broken prompting a search immediately. As deputy principal searched for the cigarettes, he noted the evidence for drugs was in plain view. A condition where the evidence is in plain view gives an exception to the Fourth Amendment. The reasonable search for drugs led to discovery of drug related materials. The search further continued to reveal the cigarette rolling papers and the bag of marijuana (Bosher, Cate & Richards 3-5). The case followed the constitutional requirements where personal rights particularly the Fourth Amendment should not be violated and at the same time social order is maintained. Following the right procedures with bring sanity to school environments. Bosher, William C., Kate R. Kaminski, and Richard S. Vacca. The school law handbook what every leader needs to know. Alexandria, Va.: Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, 2004.

Should Public Employees be Required to Pay an Agency Fee Essay

Should Public Employees be Required to Pay an Agency Fee - Essay Example Nevertheless, employers consistently infringe these laws, as the penalties are ineffective or do not exist. When working together, they bargain for better wages and improvement of working conditions to be on a position to improve their living standards and that of their life families. Union members will normally have elevated wages, promising job stability, retirement security, and availability to quality healthcare for both them and their families. It is no wonder that those who are not union members are craving to be part of one union. It is unfortunate that workers are consistently denied that fundamental rights by their employers. One out of four employers will in fact dismiss his or her workers for trying to form a union in their work place. Several employers hire expensive lawyers and anti-union consultants to interrupt and prolong the union election, occasionally for periods for more than a year. This conditions frustrate the workers often get the feeling of being defenseless People working to earn a living are aware of the disproportion of power stuck between employers and employees. With a union, the human resources win vital rights such as jobs security. Unions make it easy to remedy on biases as union contracts ensure that all employees are treated reasonably and equally by their employers. When there is a predicament in the workplace, workforce and management come together as equals to solve the problem. The conflicting parties will ascertain a schedule and length of negotiating sessions. The parties involved will agree upon time out for caucuses. The parties need to come to some understanding on the needs to be established with regard to keeping of record. They will also need to make common decisions with regard to confidentiality of the information discussed. This is the every initial meeting; in general the union brings forward all of its demands. The subsequently conference or set of meetings is where management will in turn give the

Relationships between Satisfaction with Life Essay Example for Free

Relationships between Satisfaction with Life Essay Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Satisfaction with life is a concept highly valued in today’s society. In an effort to understand mechanisms behind the life satisfaction, present study investigated the relationships between social network size, optimism and conscientiousness and the outcome variable, satisfaction with life. The four variables were measured through the use of a survey. Participants were students from California State University, Fullerton. A correlational analysis of the data showed a significant positive relationship between optimism, and conscientiousness and satisfaction with life. It was also found that individuals with large social network size were more satisfied than those with small social network size. These findings imply that improving levels of optimism and conscientiousness and increasing one’s social network can insure greater life satisfaction. Relationships between Satisfaction with Life, Social Network Size, Optimism, and Conscientiousness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Satisfaction with life is most often one of the greatest concerns of an individual’s life. There is a general belief that an inability to achieve satisfaction with one’s life indicates an unsuccessful life. Because of this socially generated drive for satisfaction with life, one is made to wonder. What factors are related to the experience of life satisfaction? What variables are good predictors of life satisfaction?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One suspected variable that would act as a good predictor of satisfaction with life is social network size. A social network refers to an individual’s link or relationship with other individuals. This link can cause certain social behavior to be explained (Mitchell, 1969). Quinn, Gavigan, and Franklin (1980) defined social networks to be the social units an individual is placed in contact with. Quinn et al. (1980) studied the effects of social network interaction on life satisfaction in older adults. The findings indicated that social network interaction was not a good predictor of satisfaction with life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another study conducted by Bowling,   Farquhar, ands Browne (1991) indicated that social network size is a poor indicator of life satisfaction. The study involved the participation of two types of individuals – those who lived in rural neighborhoods and those who lived in urban neighborhoods. Bowling et al. (1991) noted larger reported social network sizes for individuals in the urban areas as opposed to those in the rural areas. Despite this difference in reported social network sizes, life satisfaction between the two groups was not found to be different. This may, however, have been a result of difference in the levels of interaction available to individuals residing in the two areas. The insignificant findings may have been a result of the inherent differences between neighborhoods and therefore not representative of the social network size of a given individual.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Optimism is a second variable deemed to be related to feelings of satisfaction with life. A greater sense of optimism allows one to maintain an outlook on life that allows for the consideration of the world as a generally positive place. Research exploring the life satisfaction felt by retired physicians showed that greater optimism resulted in a greater satisfaction with their life. (Austrom, Perkins, Damush, and Hendrie, 2003) In retired individuals, especially, optimism may be an essential variable for achieving life satisfaction as it may also be a coping mechanism to the sudden change in lifestyle for the said individuals. The retired physicians felt that the greatest challenge going against their satisfaction with life was in the loss of their professional roles, thus, optimism might have served as a form of mediation between the two stages of the transition. Having a positive outlook on the way their lives was going allowed these physicians to better accept the end of their professional careers and to look forward to the beginning of their retired life. The probable importance of optimism as a mediator was also evidenced by the fact that in the same study by Austrom et al. (2003) it was found that optimism didn’t play as significant a role in determining life satisfaction when it came to the physician’s wives. This may have been due to the fact that they did not need to maintain a positive outlook to boost a sudden change in life roles.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Optimism and not pessimism, which involves having a negative outlook on life, is found to be a greater predictor of life satisfaction. This was specifically found by a study conducted by Chang Sanna (2003). Thus in the present study, only the variable of optimism will be taken into consideration and not its counterpart, pessimism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another variable that may show a relationship with an individual’s satisfaction with life is the personality trait of conscientiousness. Conscientiousness has been investigated by many researchers in terms of how well it predicts an individual’s life satisfaction. This trait refers to an individual’s tendency to be organized, diligent and reliable in their behavior. (Chapman, Duberstein, and Lyness, 2007) Conscientiousness may have a role to play in satisfaction because conscientious individuals are able to have more mature defenses and are also able to have a quality of life that is considered by most to be above par as they are able to have more responsibility and control over their health, their social interactions, and their general well-being (Chapman et al, 2007). It may well be that the same link can be found between conscientiousness and life satisfaction. If higher levels of conscientiousness indicate higher quality of life, it may also indicate greater degree of satisfaction with life as a result of the same mechanisms.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A study by Lounsbury, Saudarga, Gibson, and Leong (2005) examined just this relationship. Through an inspection of the personality characteristics accounted for in the Big Five, it was found that conscientiousness along with extroversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness to experience account for 45% of total perceived life satisfaction. Is conscientiousness, then, as a variable independent of the other personality traits in the Big Five, significantly related to satisfaction with life?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The present study aims to investigate the relationships that exist between satisfaction with life and the three variables stated above: social network size, optimism, and conscientiousness. Based on the empirical evidence provided by past literature, it is predicted that satisfaction with life will be significantly correlated to optimism and conscientiousness. A greater level of optimism and conscientiousness in an individual will indicate a greater satisfaction with life. Also, social network size is hypothesized to have no significant difference on satisfaction with life. The last hypothesis is based on the findings of past literature. However, due to the questionable nature of past studies and how these measured social network against life satisfaction, the present study’s hypothesis may turn out to be negated. It is hypothesized, then, that the variables of optimism and conscientiousness will have a significant and direct relationship with satisfaction with life while that of social network size will have no significant difference on satisfaction with life. Methodology Participants   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The participants of the study totaled 91 students, 23 (25.3%) of whom were male and 68(74.7%) of whom were female. (See Table 1 in Appendix for tabulated figures) All the participants were enrolled in Research Method in Psychology classes at the California State University, Fullerton. The ethnicity break down of the participants is the following: African American – 1.1%, Asian (Pacific Islander) – 3.3%, Caucasian – 49.5%, Hispanic – 27.5%, Middle Eastern – 2.2%, Southeast Asian – 2.2%, multiethnic – 11%. 3.3% of the participants reported to having other types of ethnicity.   (See Table 2 in Appendix for tabulated figures) The range in ages of the participants was from 19 years to 46 years. The mean age was 23 years old. (See Table 3 in Appendix for tabulated figures) None of the participants received incentive for their participation. There were no extra credits or monetary compensations given in exchange for their contribution to the study. Materials or Measures   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS; Watson, Clark, Tellegen, 1988). The PANAS measures trait negative affect or the affective well being of the participants. It is composed of a 10-item scale designed to measure typical experiences of negative affect. Participants are able to rate the extent to which they experience certain mood states such as distressed, upset, scared, and irritable. They are able to do this through the indicators of a 5-point scale (very slightly or not at all, a little, moderately, quite a bit, extremely). The participants were asked to indicate to what extent they felt each feeling or emotion listed during the past two weeks from the time of the survey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS; Diener, Emmons, Larsen Griffin, 1985) The SWLS is a global measure for subjective well-being and life satisfaction. Diener et al (1985) defined life satisfaction as a conscious cognitive judgment life. This entails an individual’s comparison of their own life experiences with a self-set standard. The scale is composed of 5 items and utilizes a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree).   The items of the test included statements such as â€Å"The conditions of my life are excellent† and â€Å"If I could live my life over, I would change almost nothing.† Possible total scores range from 5 to 35. A resulting score ranging from 5 to 19 signifies dissatisfaction while scores between 21-31 signify satisfaction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Life Orientation Test (LOT-R; Scheier, Carver, Bridges, 1994) The LOT-R measures generalized optimism. The test is made up of 10 items. Participants will indicate the extent to which they agree with the 10 statements in the test through a 5-point Likert-type scale (0-strongly disagree to 4-strongly agree). The statements involved sentiments like â€Å"in uncertain times, I usually expect the best†. A participant can achieve a score from 0 to 24 with a higher score indicating greater levels of optimism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Big Five Inventory (BFI; John, Donahue, Kentle, 1994) The BFI was used to assess the personalities of the participants with regards to the five aspects included in the big five namely extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience. The BFI consists of 44 items that ask the participants to rank themselves on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1-disagree strongly to 5-agree strongly). The 44 items deal with different types of behavior related to the Big Five. For the present study, the BFI will be used to measure the variable of conscientiousness. BFI items related to conscientiousness included â€Å"perseveres until the task is finished†, â€Å"is a reliable worker†, and â€Å"does things efficiently†. Lubben Social Network Scale (LSNS-6; Lubben Gironda, 2003) The LSNS-6 is a test of a set of questions establishing ties with relatives and ties with non-relatives. Examples of these questions include â€Å"How many relatives do you see or hear from at least once a month?† and â€Å"How many friends do you see or hear from at least once a month? The participant chooses one of the options available for each question. These answers have corresponding points. Total scores of the participants may range from 0 to 30. A higher score indicates a higher level of social network. For this research, the LSNS-6 was used to measure social network size. A high score in the LSNS-6 was taken to signify a larger social network size while a low score meant a smaller social network size. Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES; Rosenberg, 1989) The RSES measures global self-esteem. The test is composed of 10 items. Responses are given on a 5-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 5-strongly agree). A sample question is At times I feel like I am no good at all. Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS; Lyubominsky, and Lepper , 1999) The SHS measures global subjective happiness. The test consists of four items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-7). A sample question is â€Å"Some people are generally very happy. They enjoy life regardless of what is going on, getting the most out of everything. To what extent does this characterization describe you?† Gratitude Questionnaire (GQ; McCullough, Emmons, and Tsang, 2002) The gratitude questionnaire is a self-report test measuring global gratitude. The test consists of six items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-stronlgy disagree to 7-strongly agree). A sample item is â€Å"If I had to list everything that I was grateful for, it would be a very long list.† Tendency to Forgive Scale (TTF; Brown, 2002) The TTF is a test measuring global forgiveness tendencies. The test consists of four items. Responses are given on a 7-point Likert-type scale (1-strongly disagree to 7-strongly agree). A sample item is â€Å"I tend to get over it quickly when someone hurts my feelings.† Procedure Questionnaires were handed out to all participants in their respective classrooms of Research Method in Psychology at the California State University, Fullerton. Participants were given instructions as a group and were told that participation in this study would be anonymous. It was also stated that they may voluntarily choose to participate and could withdraw at anytime. The whole session took about 15-30 minutes. Participants were provided informed consent prior to the administration of the test and were debriefed after they finished. Results The results showed that individuals’ with a smaller social network size (mean=4.10) were significantly less satisfied compared to those with life larger social network size (mean=5.05; t(89)= -3.79, p.001). There was a noted positive correlation between optimism and satisfaction with life (r = 0.543, p = 0.01). A positive correlation was also found between conscientiousness and satisfaction with life (r = 0.222, p = 0.05) Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main purpose of this research was to establish whether a relationship existed between satisfaction with life and optimism, and satisfaction with life and conscientiousness. Another purpose was to establish whether social network size made a difference to satisfaction with life. The original hypothesis of the study stated that a significant positive relationship would be found between satisfaction with life and optimism as well as between satisfaction with life and conscientiousness. It was also hypothesized that social network size would not have a significant difference on satisfaction with life. The hypotheses of the present study were based on the findings of past researches. (Quinn et al, 1980; Bowling et al, 1991; Austrom et al, 2003; Chang and Sanna, 2003; Chapman et al, 2007; Lounsbury et al, 2005) The results of the current study show that there is a significantly positive relationship between satisfaction with life and two variables it was compared against, namely, optimism and conscientiousness. Results also showed a significant difference with social network size and satisfaction with life. The initial hypotheses for optimism and conscientiousness were supported. The hypothesis regarding social network size, however, was rejected by the statistical results. The findings on optimism and conscientiousness validate past research findings. These showed that greater optimism in life contributed to greater satisfaction with life (Austrom et al., 2003). Optimism was also found to be a good predictor of life satisfaction (Chang and Sanna, 2003). Past findings established conscientiousness to be a contributing factor to life satisfaction (Lounsbury et al, 2005) as well as a variable directly related to higher quality of life ratings (Chapman et al., 2007). The findings on social network size, on the other hand, disagree with past research findings where social network interaction was not found to be related to life satisfaction (Quinn et al., 1980) and where the size of the individual’s social network was determined to be a bad predictor of life satisfaction (Bowling et al., 1991). Optimism may be able to affect life satisfaction positively due to the fact that a positive outlook on life can also cause a better assessment of past experiences not just of present circumstances. If one is able to achieve a better disposition towards life, the tendency to overlook the negativity that will detract from satisfaction felt towards life will be greater. This shows that the statistical significance of optimism (r=0.543, p=0.01) with satisfaction with life is warranted. Conscientiousness, on the other hand, was also positively correlated to (r=0.035, p=0.05) with satisfaction with life. This may be due to the fact that conscientiousness indicates a better ability to handle life experiences. Conscientiousness, as defined in the Big Five Inventory (Donahue et al., 2001), entails caution, dependability, organization and responsibility. These characteristics when applied to the everyday behavior and experiences of an individual are most likely to indicate an individual who achieves success. People who are more cautious, more dependable, more organized, and more responsible are the ones who are achievers in human society. It may be that the success and achievement linked with conscientious people is also the link that sustains their satisfaction with life. This is not to say that individuals deemed to have low conscientiousness are not likely to feel satisfaction with life. The findings only suggest that a high level of conscientiousness predicts life satisfaction to great extent. The discussion of how social network size is related to satisfaction with life should be done with care. The fact that previous research found no significant difference between social network and life satisfaction may have been due to the inadequacy of measurement with the past research. Quinn et al. (1980), for example, concentrated on the interaction that occurred in social network and not size. This meant that Quinn et al. (1980) focused on the quality of the individual’s social network and not on the quantity. Bowling et al. (1991), on the other hand, compared two different localities and this is what might have caused the inconsistencies in their findings concerning social network size and life satisfaction. Inherent characteristics of urban and rural locations could have played into action and caused the insignificant findings. For the present study, however, the significant difference between social network size and life satisfaction makes sense especially because social network size is also an indicator of an individual’s degree of social interaction as well as sources of social support; both of which are essential in an individual’s development. The findings of this study are limited because of the small sample size used. A bigger sample that is more representative of the general population should be used in future research. In addition, only a few variables concerning satisfaction with life were investigated. Future research should incorporate more variables that may affect life satisfaction into the study. The variables of social support, social interaction, and pessimism are a few of the factors that should be investigated. The significant relationship between social network size and life satisfaction should also be validated by future studies as the results in this study are not in agreement with previous works. The implications of the study are far-reaching. Establishing the relationships existing between life satisfaction, optimism, and conscientiousness allows different clinicians and practitioners in the healthcare system a chance to improve their handling of clients with low satisfaction with life. This may most likely involve older adults. Because satisfaction with life in itself is a concept that health-care workers find hard to deal with, finding other personality traits and variables that are related to it enables these workers an alternative in aiding these types of patients. Increasing optimism and improving conscientiousness in an individual can help to increase their satisfaction with life. In addition, increasing the size of the client’s social network will improve their satisfaction with life. The present study’s findings can also be expanded to teachers in the field of education. Satisfaction of their students can be increased by allowing them to feel more optimistic about their activities also by guiding them to be more conscientious in their behavior. Also, increasing opportunities for students to enlarge their social networks can also help these students improve their feelings of satisfaction with life. References Austrom, M.G., Perkins, A. J., Damush, T. M., Hendrie, H. C. (2003). Predictors of life satisfaction in retired physicians and spouses. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology, 38, 134-141 Bowling, A., Farquhar, M., Browne, P. (1991). Life satisfaction and associations with social network and support variables in three samples of elderly people. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 6, 549-566 Brown, R. (2003). Measuring individual differences in the tendency to forgive: construct validity and links with depression. Society forPersonality and Social Psychology, 29, 759-771 Chang,  E.C., Sanna, L. J.  (2003). Optimism, accumulated life stress, and psychological and physical adjustment: is it always adaptive to expect the best?  Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology,  22,  97-115. Chapman, B., Duberstein, P., Lyness, J. M. (2007). Personality traits, education, and health-related quality of life among older adult primary care patients. Journals of Gerontology: series B psychological sciences and social sciences, 62B, 343-352 Diener, E., Emmons, R., Larsen, R. J., Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71-75. John, O. P., Donahue, E. M., Kentle, R. (1991). The â€Å"Big Five† Inventory – Versions 4a and 54.   Technical Report, Institute of Personality Assessment and Research, Berkeley, CA: University of California, Berkeley. Lounsbury, J. W., Saudarga, R. A., Gibson, L. W., Leong, F. T. (2005). An investigation of broad and narrow personality traits in relation to general and domain specific live satisfaction of college students. Research in Higher Education,46, 707-729 Lubben, J. E., Gironda, M. W. (2003a). Centrality of social ties to the health and well-being of older adults. In B. Berkman L. K. Harooytan (Eds.), Social work and health care in an aging world (pp. 319-350). New York: Springer Lyubomirsky, S., Lepper, H. S.  (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation.  Social Indicators Research,  46,  137-155. Mancini, J. A., Quinn, W., Gavigan, M. A., Franklin, H. (1980). Social network interaction among older adults: implications for life satisfaction. Human Relations, 33, 543-554 McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., Tsang, J. (2002). The grateful disposition: A conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 112-127. Mitchell, J. C. (1969) The concept and use of social networks. In Social Networks in Urban Situations: Analysis of Personal Relationships in Central African Towns Ed. J.C. Mitchell. Manchester: Manchester University Press Rosenberg, Morris. (1989). Society and the adolescent self-image. Revised edition. Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press. Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., Bridges, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078. Watson, D., Clark, L. A., Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54,1063-1070.

Society MUST Understand how the Natural World Works Essay -- Argumenta

Society MUST Understand how the Natural World Works Except for children, few of us spend much time wondering why Nature is the way it is; where the Cosmos came from, or whether it was always here; or whether there are ultimate limits to what humans know. There are even children who want to know what a black hole looks like; why the sky is blue; how does a balloon stay up in the air; what makes the human body work; and why there is a Universe. I have many opportunities to teach children at various ages and have observed that many of these children are natural born scientists. They have inquisitive little minds filled with curiosity and wonder. Provocative and insightful questions bubble out them with enormous enthusiasm. I am often asked follow-up questions that have the potential to take up the whole day. These children have never heard of the notion of a dumb question. I find something all together different when talking to middle and high school students. A great deal of them seem to get by by memorizing facts and the joy of discovery that led to those facts has gone out of them. They have lost most of the wonder, and gained little skepticism. This particular age group's main concern is not taking up class time asking dumb questions. They are willing to accept inadequate answers and they don't ask follow-up questions. Many of them are more concerned with the placement of the hands on the clock and when the school bell is going to ring. The middle and high school classrooms are often saturated with indirect glances to judge the approval of their peers. As a graduate student, it is frightening to see the same behavior acted out in upper-level college courses. The negative glances from those who lack respect for learning defi... ..., drive to learn things and then to exchange the information with others (239). I understand the natural world to be an absolutely essential tool for any society with a hope of surviving the next century. It is of tremendous importance that we take responsibility as parents and teachers and start generating critical, curious, and imaginative students. The worlds needs and deserves a society with a basic understanding of how the natural world works. Works Cited Bishop, J. Thomas. "Enemies of Promise." In the Presence of Others: Voices That Call for Response. Second Edition. Andrea A. Lundsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. St. Martin's Press. New York, 1997. 26-261. Thomas, Lewis. "The Hazards of Science." In the Presence of Others: Voices That Call for Response. Second Edition. Andrea A. Lundsford and John J. Ruszkiewicz. St. Martin's Press. New York, 1997. 239.

Alcoholism people

Chronic and often progressive illness involving the excessive inappropriate ingestion of ethyl alcohol, whether in the form of familiar alcoholic beverages or as a constituent of other substances. Alcoholism is thought to arise from a combination of a wide range of physiological, psychological, social, and genetic factors. It is characterized by an emotional and often physical dependence on alcohol, and it frequently leads to brain damage or early death. (Nicholas, 2001) Some 10 percent of the adult drinkers in the U. K. are considered alcoholics or at least they experience drinking problems to some degree.More males than females are affected, but drinking among the young and among women is increasing. Consumption of alcohol is apparently on the rise in the U. K. , countries of the former Soviet Union, and many European nations. This is paralleled by growing evidence of increasing numbers of alcohol-related problems in other nations, including the Third World. (Richard, 2006) Effects Alcohol has direct toxic as well as sedative effects on the body, and failure to take care of nutritional and other physical needs during prolonged periods of excessive drinking may further complicate matters. Advanced cases often require hospitalization.The effects on major organ systems are cumulative and include a wide range of digestive-system disorders such as ulcers, inflammation of the pancreas, and cirrhosis of the liver. The central and peripheral nervous systems can be permanently damaged. Blackouts, hallucinations, and extreme tremor may occur. The latter symptoms are involved in the most serious alcohol withdrawal syndrome, Delirium Tremens, which can prove fatal if not treated or treated improperly. (Donald, 2000) This is in contrast to withdrawal from narcotic drugs such as heroin, which, although distressful, rarely results in death.Recent evidence has shown that heavy–and even moderate–drinking during pregnancy can cause serious damage to the unborn ch ild: physical or mental retardation or both; a severe expression of this damage is known as fetal alcohol syndrome. (Richard, 2006) Genetic and Behaviour factors Alcoholism is considered a disease which runs in families and results from genetics. According to Edenburg, â€Å"Alcoholism is a disease of the mind and body similar to other diseases like cancer†. Alcoholism is like cancer because both are based on the genes of the person, Edenburg feels.Edenberg is Chancellor's professor at the Indiana University School of Medicines and was the lead researcher for the study. Edenburg believes that even though there is not one single â€Å"gene that causes alcoholism†, the statistical link between genes and the risk for alcoholism is powerful. He has researched the GABRA2 gene, which is one of many genes that produce parts of the receptor for the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA (Edenburg, 2004). Edenburg believes that the link between alcoholism and this ge ne is the strongest.His evidence came from the study he conducted that involved 2282 individuals from 262 families, all picked because each had 3 or more alcoholic family members. The Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) has been working on the study for years. COGA is a federally funded effort whose objective is to identify and characterize those genetic factors. Over 1,000 alcoholic subjects and their families are in the study, with researchers conducting comprehensive psychological, physiological, electrophysiological, and genetic analyses. Several traits, or phenotypes, have been identified by the study that seem to be linked to genetics.Although environmental aspects are very important, these studies give solid evidence that genes play a major role. Adoption studies have also supported the role of inheritable factors concerning alcoholism (Fitzgerald, 1988). Researchers studied males and females that were adopted, comparing them with non-adopted siblings. Bo th males and females of alcoholic and non-alcoholic parents were also studied. A child with alcoholic parents is four times as likely to become alcoholic than one with non-alcoholic parents, even if the child was adopted and raised in non-alcoholic families.(Ann & Gary, 2004) If adopted children with alcoholic parents whom lived with non-alcoholic foster parents are still four times more likely to become alcoholics, it proves that genes are more to blame. Furthermore being raised by a biological alcoholic parent did not increase the likelihood of developing alcoholism (Fitzgerald, 1988). Robert Karp, PhD, is the program director for genetics at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. He says that the end stage of alcoholism looks fairly similar, but there are many different ways to get there, so there are probably many different genetic causes (Elliot, 2001).Although some data points to a genetic basis for alcoholism, other studies go in the other direction. A study published in Science News that tested 356 pairs of twins showed minimal correlation with alcoholism and genetic factors. The report supports the opinion of many scientists that think environmental factors play a larger role in alcoholism than genes (Bower, 1992). The study was among women of all ages and among men with drinking problems that surfaced in childhood.The researchers tested 85 pairs of male identical twins and 44 pairs of female identical twins (sharing the same genes), and 96 pairs of male fraternal twins and 43 pairs of female fraternal twins (sharing half of their genes), along with 88 pairs of opposite-sex fraternal twins. (Donald, 2000) To choose the sets of twins, the researchers would find on twin who had undergone treatment for alcohol dependence or abuse, then sought out the other twin. The study suggests that family influences have a greater effect on these people than their genes do, reports psychologist Matt McGue of the University of Minnesota and his collea gues.McGue feels that environmental factors are more to blame for the development of alcoholism with this study as evidence. McGue's team also reports that genes play a larger role in alcoholism for the men whose problem emerged during childhood. According to McGue, â€Å"Although the data emphasize environmental influences on alcoholism, they also indicate that consistent delinquent and cruel behavior derives from important genetic effects. â€Å"((Nicholas, 2001) Some experts consider alcoholism to not only derive from genetic causes, but also environmental causes.According to Donald, family studies have repeatedly confirmed that the risk of alcoholism is higher among parents, siblings, and children with relatives that are alcoholics. While genetics may play an important role, there are other factors that can influence individual biological susceptibility to the effects of alcoholism (Donald, 2000). The fact that alcohol abuse is linked to behavioral and environmental factors le ads to the point that genetics act together along with other non-genetic factors (Mawr, 2002). Alcohol abuse is very likely to involve multiple genes that control various aspects of the biological response to alcohol.Environmental factors amplify the chance of alcoholism when mixed with these genes(Heath and Nelson, 2002). Some experts agree that both genetics and environmental factors play equal roles in alcoholism. According to Howard J. Edenberg, alcoholism is a â€Å"complex disease†, which means that many genes as well as environmental factors play a role. It is known that addiction runs in families, but how is it transmitted? Are we born with an ‘addiction gene' or with an ‘addictive personality', or are we taught addictive behavior by our family and society? This classic question of nature vs. nurture is answered with a qualified â€Å"both.† (Heath and Nelson, 2002) Psychoanalytic theories make some intuitive sense since many alcoholics have immatur e social skills. They often turn to alcohol to help cope with life stresses. Despite this intuitive appeal, there are little prospective data to support these theories. An alcohol dependent person may exhibit dependent traits, however, these traits are just as likely to result from chronic alcohol use as they are to lead to it. (Ann & Gary, 2004) Even if correlations exist between alcohol abuse and dependent personalities, it is not clear which is the cause and which is the effect.Treatment Treatment of the illness increasingly recognizes alcoholism itself as the primary problem needing attention, rather than regarding it as always secondary to another, underlying problem. Treatment is administered in specialized residential treatment facilities, separate units within general or psychiatric hospitals, outpatient clinics, and physicians' offices. (Richard, 2006) As the public becomes more aware of the nature of alcoholism, the social stigma attached to it decreases, alcoholics and th eir families tend to conceal it less, and diagnosis is not delayed as long.Earlier and better treatment has led to encouragingly high recovery rates. (Donald, 2000) In addition to managing physical complications and withdrawal states, treatment involves individual counseling and group therapy techniques aimed at complete and comfortable abstinence from alcohol and other mood-changing drugs of addiction. Such abstinence, according to the best current evidence, is the desired goal, despite some highly controversial suggestions that a safe return to social drinking is possible.Addiction to other drugs, particularly tranquilizers and sedatives, poses a major hazard to alcoholics. Antabuse, a drug that produces a violent intolerance for alcohol as long as the substance remains in the body, is sometimes used after withdrawal. (Doug, 2005) Alcoholics Anonymous, a support group commonly used for those undergoing other treatment, in many cases helps alcoholics to recover without recourse to formal treatment or facilitates sustained remission in those who completed formal treatment.Two pharmacotherapies, naltrexone and acamprosote, have recently been shown to reduce the chances for relapse to alcohol dependence when used in combination with psychosocial treatment. Conclusion After reading through many articles about how Alcoholism is a disease, I found that the evidence proving it false was a lot greater than evidence proving it was in fact a disease. The research and facts provided revolved around a physical change in ones system, or â€Å"tolerance†.With any substance that is introduced to the body, it becomes familiar with it and can withstand more of a dose that normal. This does not mean that one is becoming â€Å"dependant† on it or will have trouble not using the substance. It simply means that his body is adjusted to the levels that he his inducing. The process is similar to that of exercising. If one has never jogged before, he will find it hard t o go the distances that a regular runner can, without losing breath or pausing.With repetition and constant practice though, he will find that he is able to travel longer distances without tiring out. Independent studies abroad have shown that one of the major reasons disproving â€Å"Alcoholism as a Disease† is that when treated with a program such as AA, the drinker, or â€Å"patient†, is confronted with stopping drinking cold and taking control of their lives. If Alcoholism was in fact an uncontrollable disease, that takes control of various organs and functions of the body as it deteriorates them, one would not be able to do this process successfully.References Ann W. Lawson, Gary Lawson, (2004), â€Å"Alcoholism and the Family: A Guide to Treatment and Prevention† (2nd edition) Motivation Pr. Bower, Bruce. (1992) Science News. Alcoholism: Nurture May Often Outdo Nature Washington: Vol. 141, Iss. 5; p. 69 http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb Donald W. Goodwin (2 000) â€Å"Alcoholism: The Facts† ; 3 edition Oxford University Press, USA Doug Thorburn, (2005) â€Å"Alcoholism Myths and Realities: Removing the Stigma of Society's most Destructive Disease† Galt Publishing Edenberg, Howard J (2004) Medical Letter on the CDC FDA.Alcoholism; Alcoholism risk linked to gene involved in brain chemistry Atlanta: p. 10 http://gateway. proquest. com/openurl Elliot, Victoria Stagg (Ed. ). (2001). Addictive Cocktail: Alcoholism and genetics. AMedNews. http://www. ama-assn. org/amednews/2001/02/05/hlsa0205. htm Fitzgerald, Kathleen Whalen. (1988), Alcoholism: The Genetic Inheritance, New York: Doubleday Heath, Andrew C and Elliot C Nelson. (2002) â€Å"Alcohol Research and Health. Effects of the interaction between genotype and environment: Research into the genetic epidemiology of alcohol dependence†, Washington: Vol.26, Iss. 3; p. 193 http://proquest. umi. com/pqdweb Mawr, Bryn. (2002) Senior Seminar in Neural and Behavioral Sciences . Nature, Nurture, and Evolution. Haverford College. Nicholas A. Pace. (2001) â€Å"Alcoholism Is a Disease† Alcohol. William Dudley, Ed. Teen Decisions Series. Greenhaven Press Richard Fields, (2006). â€Å"Drugs in Perspective† McGraw-Hill College Volpicelli, Joseph R. , â€Å"Alcohol Dependence: Diagnosis, Clinical Aspects, And Biopsychosocial Causes† http://www. doctordeluca. com/Documents/AlcDependenceOverviewVolpicelli. htm

Modern European History Essay - 886 Words

Modern European History 1. What did Paul Valery mean in saying that the mind of Europe doubted itself profoundly? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Before 1914, people in Europe believed in progress, peace, prosperity, reason, and rights of individuals. During that time, people began to believe in the Enlightenment, industrial developments were just starting and scientific advances began to take place. People then really believed in progression and further developments. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Unfortunately, World War I broke out. Nevertheless, the optimistic people of Europe still did not doubt the outcome and were so convinced that it was not going to have any long term effects. They looked toward happier times and hoped life will†¦show more content†¦People were so terrified by it that they were still in shock and unsure of its outcome and consequence and the possibility that it might cause another war to break out. Valery saw that many people suffered from anxiety. He argued that the people looked at the future with great unease and discomfort for what the war had done and what the war will cause. He also suggested that quot;Europe doubted itself profoundlyquot; because of all the lost of all optimistic ideas and accomplishments. People did not have to strength or will to believe in themselves anymore. They were too devastated by the war. They also saw no hope and thus doubted themselves for making any more progress. 2. Why do you thin k many veterans felt that they were part of a lost generation? nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Veterans during the war were just realizing what the war is all about. They saw what the war had done to peoples lives and body parts. They sometimes couldnt even believe that such shattered bodies were once human beings lived happily among them. Most of them grew up in the war knowing nothing of life but despair, fear, death, and sorrow. 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